毕业论文外文翻译范文【精选3篇】

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毕业论文外文翻译 篇一

译文

组织为留住员工的激励理论以及它们的应用的研

为什么必须要留住关键性的雇员?

fitz-enz(1997年)提出,公司每失去10个管理上和专业上的员工就会损失100美元。算上直接成本和间接成本,避免雇员流失的总成本,是其一年工资和福利的最小量,或两年的薪酬和福利的最大值。对于一个组织来说,失去任何一个关键的雇员都会产生严重的经济影响,特别是考虑到随雇员离去而丧失的知识。这些知识是可以用来满足顾客的需要和期望的。知识的管理是创造、捕捉的过程以及知识来提高组织绩效的进程。

此外,toracco(2014年)指出,虽然现在知识已经被认为是一个组织最宝贵的资产,但是,大多数组织缺乏必要的保留和利用知识价值的配套制度。组织不能只站在消极的立场上去希望人们在这个组织内能够得到和利用那些已知的、可以接近的知识。相反,组织应该以寻求维持竞争优势为目的,迅速发展能充分利用知识价值的系统(robinson & stern, 1997; stewart, 1997)。。因此,这很容易看到失去了宝贵的员工的知识的巨大影响。

人力资本和知识管理的概念是,人们拥有的技能,经验和知识,因此对组织具有经济价值。这些技能,知识和经验代表了资本,因为它们提高了生产率(snell and dean, 1992)。人力资本理论假定某些劳动力更有生产力仅仅是因为越来越多的资源投资在劳动力培训上,相当于一台机器投入了更多的资源来提高生产率ller, 1982)。人力资本理论的一条基本原则是,如同任何商

业投资,“投资技能建设将更加有利可图,更有可能将要持续较长的时期,从而获得投资回报” (mueller, 1982, p. 94)。此外,留住对于实现充分的投资回报是非常重要的。人力资本理论还认为员工在一个组织的服务长度可以作为与职业相关的知识或能力的代表。一个人对与工作有关的知识或能力的了解,影响该人的工资,推销自己和工作的类型(becker,1975; hulin & smith,1967; katz,1978)。在一个组织里,关于工龄的理解可以与乌尔里希(1998)定义的智力资本承诺的组成部分联系起来。他的定义很简单“技能通过承诺而增加” (p. 125),智力资本的重要性等于知识,技能和每一个人在组织中的属性乘以他们愿意努力工作。在未来几年,个人对组织的承诺将得到更重要的承认,以及该组织需要创建一个有人会愿意留下来的环境(harris, 2014)。组织将需要或创建一个智力资本环境下,知识的传播的发生将遍及整个组织,或继续通过工龄发展失去重要的个人知识。许多人认为这些深奥的知识将有助于满足客户的需求和期望,并在全球经济组织相互竞争的今天,创建和维持竞争优势。

作者:苏尼尔

国籍:美国

出处:《美国商业学术期刊》,2014年9月,第52-59页

原文

a review of employee motivation theories and their

implications

for employee retention within organizations

why is it necessary to retain critical employees?

fitz-enz (1997) stated that the average company loses approximately $1 million with every 10 managerial and professional employees who leave the organization. combined with direct and indirect costs, the total cost of anexempt employee turnover is a minimum of one year’s pay and benefits, or a maximum of two years’ pay andbenefits. there is significant economic impact with an organization losing any of its critical employees, especially given the knowledge that is lost with the employee’s departure. this is the knowledge that is used to meet the needs knowledge to enhance organizational performance (bassi, 1997)。 furthermore, toracco (2014) stated that although knowledge is now recognized as one of an organization’s most valuable assets most organizations lack the supportive systems required to retain and leverage the value of knowledge. organizations cannot afford to take a passive stance toward knowledge management in the hopes that people are acquiring and using knowledge, and that sources of knowledge are known and accessed throughout the organization. instead, organizations seeking to sustain competitive advantage have moved quickly to develop systems to leverage the value of knowledge for this purpose (robinson & stern, 1997; stewart, 1997)。 thus, it is easy to see the dramatic effect of losing employees who have

valuable knowledge. the concept of human capital and knowledge management is that people possess skills, experience and knowledge, and therefore have economic value to organizations. these skills, knowledge and experience represent capital because they enhance productivity (snell and dean, 1992)。 human capital theory postulates that some labor is more productive than other labor simply because more resources have been invested into the training of that labor, in the same manner that a machine that has had more resources invested into it is apt to be more productive (mueller, 1982)。 one of the basic tenets of human capital theory is that, like any business investment, an “investment in skill-building would be more profitable and more likely to be undertaken the longer the period over which returns from the investment can accrue” (mueller, 1982, p. 94)。 again, employee retention is important in realizing a full return on investment. human capital theory includes the length of service in the organization as a

proxy for job relevant knowledge or ability. a person’s job relevant knowledge or ability influences that person’s wage, promotional opportunity and/or type of job (becker, 1975; hulin & smith, 1967; katz, 1978)。 the understanding of length of service in an organization relates back to ulrich’s (1998) component of commitment in his definition of intellectual capital. his definition was simply“competencemultiplied by commitment” (p. 125), meaning intellectual capital equals the knowledge, skills, and attributes of each individual within an organization multiplied by their willingness to work hard. it will become significantly more important in the years ahead to recognize the commitment of individuals to an organization, as well as the organization’s need to create an environment in which one would be willing to stay (harris,

2014)。 organizations will need to either create an intellectual capital environment where the transmission of knowledge takes place throughout the structure, or continue to lose important individual knowledge that has been developed through the length of service. this deep knowledge is what many believe will help to meet the needs and expectations of the customers and to create and sustain a competitive advantage within the global economy in which organizations are competing in today.

author: sunil ramlall

nationnality:america

originate from:the journal of american academy of business,september 2014,p52-59

毕业论文外文翻译 篇二

译文

组织为留住员工的激励理论以及它们的应用的研

为什么必须要留住关键性的雇员?

Fitz-enz(1997年)提出,公司每失去10个管理上和专业上的员工就会损失100美元。算上直接成本和间接成本,避免雇员流失的总成本,是其一年工资和福利的最小量,或两年的薪酬和福利的最大值。对于一个组织来说,失去任何一个关键的雇员都会产生严重的经济影响,特别是考虑到随雇员离去而丧失的知识。这些知识是可以用来满足顾客的需要和期望的。知识的管理是创造、捕捉的过程以及知识来提高组织绩效的进程。

此外,Toracco(2000年)指出,虽然现在知识已经被认为是一个组织最宝贵的资产,但是,大多数组织缺乏必要的保留和利用知识价值的配套制度。组织不能只站在消极的立场上去希望人们在这个组织内能够得到和利用那些已知的、可以接近的知识。相反,组织应该以寻求维持竞争优势为目的,迅速发展能充分利用知识价值的系统(Robinson & Stern, 1997;Stewart, 1997)。。因此,这很容易看到失去了宝贵的员工的知识的巨大影响。

人力资本和知识管理的概念是,人们拥有的技能,经验和知识,因此对组织具有经济价值。这些技能,知识和经验代表了资本,因为它们提高了生产率(Snell and Dean, 1992)。人力资本理论假定某些劳动力更有生产力仅仅是因为越来越多的资源投资在劳动力培训上,相当于一台机器投入了更多的资源来提高生产率ller, 1982)。人力资本理论的一条基本原则是,如同任何商

业投资,“投资技能建设将更加有利可图,更有可能将要持续较长的时期,从而获得投资回报”(Mueller, 1982, p.94)。此外,留住对于实现充分的投资回报是非常重要的。人力资本理论还认为员工在一个组织的服务长度可以作为与职业相关的知识或能力的代表。一个人对与工作有关的知识或能力的了解,影响该人的工资,推销自己和工作的类型(Becker,1975; Hulin & Smith,1967; Katz,1978)。在一个组织里,关于工龄的理解可以与乌尔里希(1998)定义的智力资本承诺的组成部分联系起来。他的定义很简单“技能通过承诺而增加”(p.125),智力资本的重要性等于知识,技能和每一个人在组织中的属性乘以他们愿意努力工作。在未来几年,个人对组织的承诺将得到更重要的承认,以及该组织需要创建一个有人会愿意留下来的环境(Harris, 2000)。组织将需要或创建一个智力资本环境下,知识的传播的发生将遍及整个组织,或继续通过工龄发展失去重要的个人知识。许多人认为这些深奥的知识将有助于满足客户的需求和期望,并在全球经济组织相互竞争的今天,创建和维持竞争优势。

作者:苏尼尔

国籍:美国

出处:《美国商业学术期刊》,2004年9月,第52-59页

原文

A Review of Employee Motivation Theories and their

Implications

for Employee Retention within Organizations

Why is it Necessary to Retain Critical Employees?

Fitz-enz(1997)stated that the average company loses approximately $1 million with every 10 managerial and professional employees who leave the with direct and indirect costs, the total cost of anexempt employee turnover is a minimum of one year’s pay and benefits, or a maximum of two years’ pay andbenefits.There is significant economic impact with an organization losing any of its critical employees, especially given the knowledge that is lost with the employee’s departure.This is the knowledge that is used to meet the needs knowledge to enhance organizational performance(Bassi, 1997)。Furthermore, Toracco(2000)stated that although knowledge is now recognized as one of an organization’s most valuable assets most organizations lack the supportive systems required to retain and leverage the value of cannot afford to take a passive stance toward knowledge management in the hopes that people are acquiring and using knowledge, and that sources of knowledge are known and accessed throughout the organization.Instead, organizations seeking to sustain competitive advantage have moved quickly to develop systems to leverage the value of knowledge for this purpose(Robinson & Stern, 1997;Stewart, 1997)。Thus, it is easy to see the dramatic effect of losing employees who have

valuable knowledge.The concept of human capital and knowledge management is that people possess skills, experience and knowledge, and therefore have economic value to organizations.These skills, knowledge and experience represent capital because they enhance productivity(Snell and Dean, 1992)。Human capital theory postulates that some labor is more productive than other labor simply because more resources have been invested into the training of that labor, in the same manner that a machine that has had more resources invested into it is apt to be more productive(Mueller, 1982)。One of the basic tenets of human capital theory is that, like any business investment, an “investment in skill-building would be more profitable and more likely to be undertaken the longer the period over which returns from the investment can accrue”(Mueller, 1982, p.94)。Again, employee retention is important in realizing a full return on investment.Human capital theory includes the length of service in the organization as a

proxy for job relevant knowledge or ability.A person’s job relevant knowledge or ability influences that person’s wage, promotional opportunity and/or type of job(Becker, 1975;Hulin & Smith, 1967;Katz, 1978)。The understanding of length of service in an organization relates back to Ulrich’s(1998)component of commitment in his definition of intellectual capital.His definition was simply“competencemultiplied by commitment”(p.125), meaning intellectual capital equals the knowledge, skills, and attributes of each individual within an organization multiplied by their willingness to work hard.It will become significantly more important in the years ahead to recognize the commitment of individuals to an organization, as well as the organization’s need to create an environment in which one would be willing to stay(Harris,2000)。Organizations will need to either create an intellectual capital environment where the transmission of knowledge takes place throughout the structure, or continue to lose important individual knowledge that has been developed through the length of service.This deep knowledge is what many believe will help to meet the needs and expectations of the customers and to create and sustain a competitive advantage within the global economy in which organizations are competing in today.Author: Sunil Ramlall

Nationnality:America

Originate from:The Journal of American Academy of Business,September 2004,P52-59

毕业论文外文翻译 篇三

外文翻译:

安全评估和风险管理方法建设

张军,张明元,袁勇波,周静

(中国土木与水利工程大学,大连理工,大连116085)

摘要: 改进后的lec法是用于处理与期货大厦项目(本站 推荐的安全评估的。经修订的评估项目l的危险方法隐藏的工作条件,存在由实验结果确定了不同价值体系之间的能源和人工能源,表明该方法的科学性和实用性,并能提高安全成本的经济效率。

关键词:建设危害,安全评价,安全管理

1建筑的危害和安全评估

建筑存在的危险性都和周围的建设用地有关系。这些条件不合理造成的勘查施工前和施工期间的经济活动不合理并会转移到危险性上。首先,它是认识到科学和危害之后而确定安全管理的必要,进行任何监测都有可能发生意外。

评估的目的是寻找出安全分析和预测危险的方法,而且其结果与现有工程或一个系统,都需要合理并可行。因此我们提出了从监督监测和抵御风险中得到的情况,以求意外事故有最低发生率,这是不同的方法之间的安全评估和正常的安全管理和监控。这样做的安全评估、分析、论证和可能的损失建筑工程有关的伤害和影响范围都最小。

安全文化是伴随人类的生产活动而产生的。但是,人类有意识地发展安全文化,还是近1 0余年的事,国际原子能机构在对1 9 8 6年发生的切尔诺贝利核泄漏事故调查分析的基础上,于1 9 9 1年编写的“7 5一工n 8 a g - 4 "评。报告首次提出了“安全文化”的概念,并建立了一套核安全文化建设的思想和策略。

安全文化从核安全文化、航空航天安全文化等企业安全文化,拓宽到全民安全文化,由此发展到了由安全观念文化、安全行为文化、安全物质文化组成的全民安全文化的新时代。在该阶段,安全教育体系正在形成,儿童和,},小学生的安全教育已经起步。大学和成人的专业化安全教育已初具规模,在有关政府机

构领导下的安全文化普及教育正蓬勃发展;安全科学作为独立的学科体系已经建立,安全科学形成了由安全科学技术基础学科、安全学、安全工程等构成的多学科体系;安全管理机构进一步健全,建立健全了一大批国际的、国家的、行业的、社会的、企业的安全管理机构;在法规、标准、安全制度方而,体现在而向全民的安全建设开始起步,而向行业的、企业的安全法规、标准、制度、操作规程等具有更强的针对性,在安全宣传方而,一个社会化的安全宣传网正在形成,出现了一些而向大众、宣传安全光荣、安全就是效益的作品,“安全第一,顶防为主”的安全哲学思想更加深入人心。

“安全文化是人类文化的部分,它涉及人类活动的各个领域,存在于社会生活的各个方而;它涉及自然科学和社会科学的诸学科,它为安全的世界观和方法论的形成提供乳育的胚胎,它既具有历史的继承性,又具有鲜明的时代感”。安全文化是灿烂的,华民族文化的组成部分,华民族在生存和繁衍,},与世界其他民族一起创造并传播了安全文化。安全文化在我国的发展也经历了人类对安分与健康的台目追求、核安全文化出现、全民安全文化的兴起等二个阶段。2危险方法评估工作

考虑到人的危险在工作条件,格雷厄姆和吉尔伯特。楼金尼建议的频率和严重程度,以该评估环境和一些揭露应指环境变量作为独立设置的函数公式。根据他们的实际经验,根据不同情况独立变量的值,给出了三被标记的对象,然后在危害水平也分为公式后的危险值来计算。这种方法容易识别。

d=lec

其中,d指该商标,l是指事故的发生概率,e和c是指人类正暴露的频率和在环境意味着损失。

3管理建设的危害

建造业是高风险行业,需要管理并改善其意外总数的发生。政府提出安全建设模式位“统一的模式,法律监督机构负责企业所有安全监管,部分群众以及整个社会参与监督”。作者假设如下:

(1)加强安全监察,建设,以确保施工安全的措施费组成竞争费和特殊项目费用;建设行政主管部门应加强项目前的审计。

(2)加强并完善组织建设施工安全监管,成立一个监管组织,其的特点是依法执行监管任务。

(3)编制依据不同专业的职业经理人的安全的安全生产监管部根据建筑由大小的地盘遵守《组织对构建企业安全生产和职业经理人准备》。

(4)发展项目和危害安全风险评估,登记项目,消除构建社会安全危害的可能影响。

(5)建立和落实,检查系统的支架固定和拆卸起重机械,成型板,建立和落实制度,消除危害的技术,设备和材料,建立和实施项目系统研究项目的施工安全。

(6)监测信息系统的致命危害工地使用是高级电力监控。

(7)开展风险规避。风险规避是一个有用的和共同的风险管理策略。当认识到严重后果的隐患和风险因素,但没有可用的措施之前,建设,施工计划可能改变或放弃为避免风险。

(8)建筑企业要建立和完善安全体系建设的长期性,管理和设备应达到 降低风险损失之和(参考标准:标准jgj59 一 1999年)。

(9)发挥媒体的咨询作用,进行系统的安全性评估、设计、安全监测、认证和考试,以及意外伤害保险赔偿。

(10)建立工会公关,处理紧急项目。

4结论

本文主要内容是考察了管理层在判断建筑危害中应用的安全性评估方法。 以及建设项目危险评价工作的执行情况,我们已确保了致命的危险事故发生率为最低。根据经验,可纳入危险管理系统的危险值为:低于160时的危险,否则,它会被认为是不可承受的危险事故。应该充分应用现代化的信息技术来建立和完善

一道预防和控制系统来检测意外事故。以期待应用技术来预防更多的意外事故发生。

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