英语语言学论文【通用3篇】

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英语专业毕业论文：社会语言学 篇一

the definition of sociolinguistics and its characteristic

外语系06接本6班 尹珊珊 24号

[abstract]sociolinguistics is a term including the aspects of linguistics applied toward the connections between language and society, and the way we use it in different social situations. it ranges from the study of the wide variety of dialects across a given region down to the analysis between the way men and women speak to one another. sociolinguistics often shows us the humorous realities of human speech and how a dialect of a given language can often describe the age, sex, and social class of the speaker; it codes the social function of a language.

[key words] sociolinguisticssociolinguistics variationsocial function

[content]sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used. it also studies how lects differ between groups separated by certain social variables, e.g.， ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, etc.， and how creation and adherence to these rules is used to categorize individual socio-economic classes. as the usage of a language varies from place to place, and language usage varies among social classes. it is socialists that sociolinguistics studies.

the study of language variation is concerned with social constraints determine language in its contextual environment. code-switching is the term given to the use of different varieties of language in different social situations. sociolinguistic differs from sociology of language in that the focus of sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on the language, while the latter’s focus is on the language’s effect on the society. while the study of sociolinguistics is very broad, there are a few fundamental concepts on which most sociolinguistic inquiries depend.

sociolinguistics is different from many of the other branches of linguistics in that it studies external as opposed to internal language. internal language applies to the study of language on the abstract level, or in the head, put simply. external language applies to language in social contexts, or outside the head. this distinction is important, because internal language analyses, such as syntax and semantics, operate1

on the assumption that all native speakers of a language are quite homogeneous in how they process and perceive language. external language fields, such as sociolinguistics, attempt to explain why this is in fact not the case. these two approaches, while distinct, complement each other in practice.

understanding language in society means that one also has to understand the social networks in which language is embedded. this may apply to the macro level of a country or a city, but also to the inter-personal level of neighborhoods or a single family.

sociolinguistics as a field distinct from dialectology was pioneered through the study of language variation in urban areas. whereas dialectology studies the geographic distribution of language variation, sociolinguistics focuses on other sources of variation, among them class. class and occupation is one of the most important linguistic markers found in society.

one of the fundamental findings of sociolinguistics, which has been hard to disprove, is that class and language variety are related. as can be implied from the example below, the working class tends to speak less standard language. the lower, middle, and upper middle class will in turn speak closer to the standard. however, the upper class, even members of the upper middle class, may often speak 'less' standard than the middle class. this is because not only class, but class aspirations, are important.

men and women, on average, tend to use slightly different language styles. these differences tend to be quantitative rather than qualitative. that is, to say that women make more minimal responses than men is akin to saying that men are taller than women. the initial identification of a women's register was by robin lakoff in 1975, who argued that the style of language served to maintain women's role in society. a later refinement of this argument was that gender differences in language reflected a power difference. however, both these perspective have the language style of men as normative, implying that women's style is inferior. more recently, deborah tannen has compared gender differences in language as more similar to 'cultural' differences. comparing conversational goals, she argued that men have a report style,

aiming to communicate factual information, whereas women have a rapport style, more concerned with building and maintaining relationships. such differences are pervasive across mediums, including face-to-face conversation, written essays of primary school children, email, and even toilet graffiti. communication styles are always a product of context, and as such, gender differences tend to be most pronounced in single-gender groups. one explanation for this, is that people accommodate their language towards the style of the person they are interacting with. thus, in a mixed-gender group, gender differences tend to be less pronounced. a similarly important observation is that this accommodation is usually towards the language style, not the gender of the person. that is, a polite and empathic male will tend to be accommodated to on the basis of their being polite and empathic, rather than their being male.

sociolinguistics has drawn more and more attention since it became an independent discipline in mid 1960s. but scholars from various disciplines look at sociolinguistics from different perspectives, and carry out sociolinguistic study in different ways. this paper tries to understand sociolinguistics in terms of its definitions and the scope of sociolinguistic study to point out the lack of comprehensiveness in fishman''s view on the definition of sociolinguistics.

参考文献：《社会语言学概论》 戴庆厦主编商务印书馆

《社会语言学概论》 祝畹瑾编著湖南教育出版社。

《语言学概论》 杨信彰高等教育出版社

英语语言学方面的论文 篇二

《浅析美国英语与英国英语的区别及应用》

摘要：标准现代英式英语和美式英语，虽然两者互相理解没有很多实质性的差异，但对两者的各方面进行一个大概的比较，还是有很多细微的差别的。

关键词：美国英语；英国英语；分析对比；区别及应用

在全球一体化的背景下，英语已成为世界通用语言，在社会生活、交往或交流中都扮演着重要角色。近年，美式英语风靡全球，尽管美式英语和英式英语都是英语，但是区别甚多。相对来说美式英语便捷实用，英式英语较为复杂。英式英语保守、严谨，美国人说英语则是另一种姿态，崇尚可见即可读。

1.两种语言在历史演变、地域文化、社会地位层面的区别。

英语是全世界几千种语言的其中一种，也是印欧语系一百多种语言之一。英国英语距今已有1500的历史了。而美国英语是在英国英语的基础上发展而来的。英国和美国在政治、经济、文化等方面的不断发展，造就了它们各自不同的语言特征。美式英语起源于18世纪70年代，美国的独立战争爆发时，战乱的特殊原因导致绝大多数美国人来自欧洲移民，尤其以英格兰人为主，大多讲英国英语。近几十年来，由于美国的贸易、军事、科技、国际地位等方面远远超过英国，再加上美国电影风靡全球，促使美国本土的俚语很多已经渗透到了口语之中。很多因素导致美式英语成为强势语言。

2.发音方面存在的不同。

英语和美语的发音最具代表性的区别是对er的发音的不同。英语中，短音的er是的浑元音，但长音的er是个拉长了的浑元音，听起来是一个介于“俄”和“啊”的声音。而美语中，er听起来怎么都是个“儿”音。ar：除了轻读短音（如singular）和者后连元音（如clarity），英语的ar全部清一色的长音[a：]，而美语中，是“阿尔”。英语和美语的辅音基本是一致的，但在使用习惯上也有些差别。如词组clear animosity，英语会读成clear|animosity，而美语会读成clear—ranimosity。另一个比较明显的区别是d和t。在一部分非重读音节中（如paddle，rattle，actuality），英语会清楚地发音这两个字母，美语中d和t常常会被模糊成一个很难解释的音，跟其他的语言比较，如果你了解西班牙语或意大利语，它和短弹音r很接近。

3.拼写时存在的不同。

美语与英语的单词拼法方面有很大差异：①单词发生变化时个别字母不同；②美语单词略显简化。如enquire（英）与inquire（美），这两个单词的第一个字母不相同，但表达的意思相同；“睡衣”英式是pajamas，美语则是pyjamas；“车胎”英国用tyre，美国则是tire；colour（颜色），美语里拼成color，少了一个“u”字母；refrigerator（电冰箱）美语是fridge。

4.词汇使用存在的不同。

两种语言很多相同词语的常用意思是不同的，或者同样的东西用不同的词语来说，而且绝大部分这种词语是和文化风俗有关的，但并不对交流产生实质性影响。如jumper一词在英国可指毛衣，而美国人很少用这个词当衣服讲（是个过时的词），而用sweater来做毛衣。另外如jersey，slacks，trousers等。

5.在日期、数字使用方面存在的不同。

英式月份在后，日在前；美式则相反。如1998年3月2日的写法：2nd March，1998（英），March 2，1998（美）。在美式的写法中，1st，2nd，3rd的st，nd，rd是不使用的。由于日期书面表达不同，读法也不一样。连续数字表达日期时，也有差别。例如：1999年7月6日，美国式写6/7/99；英国式则06，07，1999。口头表达，185美元英语读a（one）hundred and Eighty five dollars，美语读one hundred EIghty five dollars，常省略and；连续相同数字时，英语常用double或triple，美语通常不这样用。

6.习惯用语使用的不同。

英语虚拟中常要加should，美语则不用。例如：“不得不”“必须”做什么，英语说to have got to do something，美语说to have to do something；“有”或“没有”，英语用to have/haven’t got，美语则用to have/don’t have。

7.在称呼方面的不同。

商务上最普遍的有Gentlemen（美国式）与Dear Sirs（英国式）二种，相当于我国的“敬启者”或“谨启者”。称呼结尾一般会采用标点符号，美式用分号，英式用逗号。结尾客套语的典型有：英式Yours sincerely（熟人或知道对方姓名），Best wishes，kind regards和yours faithfully（不知姓名），美式Sincerely和Best regards。

8.表达语气时的不同。

英国人的语气抑扬顿挫，语调高亢，和法语颇有几分类似，英国人时常嘲笑美国人说话有气无力，松散无韵律。美国人说话相对比较稳重低沉，句势通常呈降调，并且速度慢一些。美国人则喜欢嘲笑英国人的语气的轻微的歇斯底里，女里女气的说法。

参考文献：

[1]戴卫平，吴蓓。英语与英美文化[J]。长沙大学学报，2001，（3）：1.

[2]鹿敏。英式英语与美式英语的差别[J]。才智，2009，（15）。

英语专业语言学 篇三

linguistics

ⅰ。 choice (2'*15)

1、 the study of language as a whole is o(收藏好 范 文，请便下次访问ften called__ linguistics

a particularb generalc ordinaryd generative

2、 the description of a language at some point in time is a ___ study.

a synchronicb diachronicc historicald comparative

3、 ___ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' languages.

a phonologyb phoneticsc morphologyd phonemics

4、 [p] is a voiceless bilabial___.

a affricativeb fricativec stopd liquid

5、 the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the___of that phoneme.

a phonesb soundsc phonemesd allophones

6、 the word "boyish" contains two___.

a phonemesb morphsc morphemesd allomorphs

7、 inflectional___ studies inflections.

a derivationb inflectionc phonologyd morphology

8、 phrase structure rules have___ properties.

a recursiveb grammaticalc doubled many

9、 the two clauses in a ___ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.

a simpleb completec complexd coordinate

10、 bloomfield drew on ___ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.

a contextualb conceptualistc behavioristd naming

11、 ___means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world.

a senseb referencec meaningd semantics

12、 the cooperative principle is proposed by___.

a john searleb john austin

c paul griced john lyons

13、 the ___ movement rule has been added to english since the old english period.

a particleb articlec negatived phrasal

14、 the ___ variety of diglossia is used for more formal or serious matters.

a formalb informalc highd low

15、 by the age of ___, children have completed the greater part of the language acquisition process.

a threeb fourc fived six

ⅱ judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. (1'*10)

1、 linguistics studies not any particular language, but languages in general.()

2、 both phonology and phonetics are studies of speech sounds.()

3、 english is a typical tone language.()

4、 there is only one type of affixes in the english language.()

5、 phrase structure rule are rewrite rules.()

6、 sense and reference are the same.()

7、 in their study of language communication, linguists are only interested in how a speaker expresses his intention and pay no attention to how his intention is recognised by the hearer.()

8、 modern english is roughly from 1500 to the present.()

9、 diglossia is the same as bilingualism.()

10、 psycholinguistics is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics.()

ⅲ definition (2*10)

1、 phonetics

2、 complementary distribution

3、 morpheme

4、 compounding

5、 reference

6、 predication

7、 homonymy

8、 pragmatics

9、 euphemism

10、 language acquisition

ⅳshort-answer questions (5'*4)

1、 which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writing? why?

2、 what are the main features of english compounds?

3、 what are the major types of synonyms in english?

4、 what does pragmatics study? how does it differ from traditional semantics?

ⅴ discourse analysis (10'*2)

1、 explain with examples "homonymy"， "polysemy" and "hyponymy"。

2、 drew a tree diagram" john suggested mary take the linguistics class"。

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